The city became, in Pericles's words, an education for Hellas (usually quoted as "the school of Hellas [Greece]. The silver mines of Laurion contributed significantly to the development of Athens in the 5th century BC, when the Athenians learned to prospect, treat, and refine the ore and used the proceeds to build a massive fleet, at the instigation of Themistocles.[8]. Sparta's former allies soon turned against her due to her imperialist policies, and Athens's former enemies, Thebes and Corinth, became her allies. Since many citizens were incapable of exercising political rights, due to their poverty or ignorance, a number of governmental resources existed … Its beauty was chiefly due to its public buildings, for the private houses were mostly insignificant, and its streets badly laid out. By 432 BC, Athens had become the most populous city-state in Hellas. There were many gates, among the more important there were: Among the more important streets, there were: The period from the end of the Persian Wars to the Macedonian conquest marked the zenith of Athens as a center of literature, philosophy (see Greek philosophy) and the arts (see Greek theatre). It is widely referred to as the cradle of Western Civilization, and the birthplace of democracy,[4] largely due to the impact of its cultural and political achievements during the 5th and 4th centuries BC on the rest of the then-known European continent.[5]. 3. Hippias exiled 700 of the Athenian noble families, amongst them Cleisthenes' family, the Alchmaeonids. They established themselves near the crag, which later would become the Acropolis. At the time of the Peloponnesian war only the north part of this wall remained, and this portion was still called the Pelasgic Wall; while the south part which had been rebuilt by Cimon, was called the Cimonian Wall. Specialist readers will know these arguments from a series of book chapters produced by the author since 2007, but there is much new (and important) material, and it is useful to have everything in one place under a coherent framework. • Born in Athens • Male Many would argue that Athens did not have a true democracy because not everyone could participate. The book must serve as the prolegomenon to any future discussion of Athenian demography—but it aims at more. ), The Athenian Empire (Edinburgh 2008): 14-40, at pp. That provoked two Persian invasions of Greece, both of which were repelled under the leadership of the soldier-statesmen Miltiades and Themistocles (see Persian Wars). Some of the most important figures of Western cultural and intellectual history lived in Athens during this period: the dramatists Aeschylus, Aristophanes, Euripides and Sophocles, the philosophers Aristotle, Plato, and Socrates, the historians Herodotus, Thucydides and Xenophon, the poet Simonides and the sculptor Phidias. Upon their exile, they went to Delphi, and Herodotus says they bribed the Pythiaalways to tell visiting S… ), Demography and the Graeco-Roman World: New Insights and Approaches (Cambridge 2011): 37-59; “Metics in Athens,” in C. Taylor and K. Vlassopoulos (eds. [4] Embracing the Immigrant: The Participation of Metics in Athenian Polis Religion (5th-4th Century BC) (Stuttgart 2014). Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes following the tyranny of Isagoras. 26-27. Much of it represents a thorough historiographical exploration of the status quaestionis, laying out with great care what can and cannot be said about Athens’ population based on what evidence we possess, as well as articulating the extent to which previous scholars’ approaches are compatible or not. The war ended with the complete defeat of Athens in 404. Praise “Insults in Classical Athens examines a decidedly understudied subject that is vast and multifaceted, successfully introducing the reader to the complexities and reasons why further study is necessary and important. Athens was in Attica, about 30 stadia from the sea, on the southwest slope of Mount Lycabettus, between the small rivers Cephissus to the west, Ilissos to the south, and the Eridanos to the north, the latter of which flowed through the town. A population as large as that of classical Athens could be supported only by the regular importation of food 2 from abroad, which had to be financed by trade and other revenues. ×Your email address will not be published. This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in place for 180 years, until 322 BC (aftermath of Lamian War). The other Greek city-states rarely had populations as many as 40,000 people. Silver mined in Laurium in southeastern Attica contributed greatly to the prosperity of this "Golden" Age of Athens. Close this message to accept … From 800 B.C. The methodology of earlier scholars has been criticised in general terms but their conclusions have not been seriously challenged. [10] In other words, the Athenian imperialist democracy knew how to open the safety valve, but it does not appear to have been desperate to get rid of an excess underclass. In conclusion he makes the salutary point that there can be no single explanation for the development of Athenian society but that demography ought to be one tool among many for understanding history. In 480 the Persians returned under a new ruler, Xerxes I. The Legal and Social Condition of the Enslaved Population in Classical Athens. The Athenian democracy provided a number of governmental resources to its population in order to encourage participation in the democratic process. Akrigg believes that we can do better than Hansen’s conclusions on this front. (London 1986) but disagrees with Strauss’s conclusion that the thetes were the hardest hit demographically and that their losses contributed to social peace in the fourth century. Akrigg rightly notes that there are research questions beyond that of the fourth-century democracy’s ability to live up to its values and that the population of the fifth century has been largely sidelined, despite its importance. The war between Athens and the city-state Sparta ended with an Athenian defeat after Sparta started its own navy. Between the Parthenon and Erechtheion was the colossal Statue of Athena Promachos, or the "Fighter in the Front," whose helmet and spear was the first object on the Acropolis visible from the sea. By 432 BC, Athens had become the most populous city-state in Hellas. Population and Economy in Classical Athens - by Ben Akrigg March 2019. In addition the Long Walls consisted of two parallel walls leading to Piraeus, 40 stadia long (4.5 miles, 7 km), running parallel to each other, with a narrow passage between them and, furthermore, a wall to Phalerum on the east, 35 stadia long (4 miles, 6.5 km). By mid century, however, the northern Greek kingdom of Macedon was becoming dominant in Athenian affairs. Ben 2 (Leiden 2008): 427-523. [3] Hansen, in turn (above, n. 2), exploited the superior life tables of Coale and Demeny. J. Ober’s work on defenses and C. Taylor’s on the increasing presence of rural demesmen in politics would seem to be compatible with the author’s picture. It is surprising that given the sheer number of people living in those times, only little remains of their constructs. Han china and classical Athens population was distributed differently. Free shipping for many products! The lower city was built in the plain around the Acropolis, but this plain also contained several hills, especially in the southwest part. Akrigg questions W. Scheidel’s understanding of Athens as an exception to Scheidel’s general (bleak) picture of economic growth and wealth inequality. He was an expert in South Italian vases, namely the red-figured pottery produced by Greeks and the local population living in South Italy and Sicily in the fifth and fourth centuries BC. The book shows that basic demographic questions are inseparable from other historical lines of inquiry concerning society, politics, economics, and, for lack of a better term, social peace. Given the current state of our evidence, the author’s assumption that fifth-century Athens was on the road to perdition, as well as his comment that “the upheavals of the Peloponnesian War…can be seen as purgative” for an otherwise ruinously unequal society (243), cannot, I think, constitute the final word on the subject. ), Debating the Athenian Cultural Revolution: Art, Literature, Philosophy, and Politics 430-380 BC (Cambridge 2007): 27-43; “Demography and Classical Athens,” in C. Holleran and A. Pudsey (eds. A.D. (Dale) Trendall (1909-1995) was a leading authority on ancient Greek vase painting and one of the foremost classical art historians of his time. [6] M. I. Finley, “The Fifth-Century Athenian Empire: A Balance Sheet,” reprinted in P. Low (ed. It is also concerned with the age‐structure of populations, which is mainly determined by fertility rates and also by mortality rates. Population and Economy in Classical Athens This is the first comprehensive account of the population of classical Athens for almost a century. Each tribe was in turn divided into three trittyes (one from the coast; one from the city and one from the inland divisions), while each trittys had one or more demes, depending on their population, which became the basis of local government. The tribes each selected fifty members by lot for the Boule, the council that governed Athens on a day-to-day basis. Overall, this is a thoughtful and learned volume by an experienced scholar.” —Konstantinos Kapparis, University of Florida [7] J. Ober, Fortress Attica: Defense of the Athenian Land Frontier, 404-322 BC (Leiden 1985); C. Taylor, Participation in Athenian Democracy (Unpublished PhD thesis, Cambridge 2005). The victories enabled it to bring most of the Aegean and many other parts of Greece together in the Delian League, an Athenian-dominated alliance. That forced the Athenians to evacuate Athens, which was taken by the Persians, and seek the protection of their fleet. This was due to healthy standards of living and an increase of medical inventions. The Perioeci, whose name means “dwellers-around,” worked as craftsmen and traders, and … Document B (population estimates from mixed sources…) states that the population of classical Athens in 422 B.C.E was to be 315,000 total. (Herning 1985). [Oxford 1933] 34, cf. Antipater dissolved the Athenian government and established a plutocratic system in 322 BC (see Lamian War and Demetrius Phalereus). Further, the conquests of his son, Alexander the Great, widened Greek horizons and made the traditional Greek city state obsolete. The population’s needs for barley, olive oil, and wine are helpfully set out in Table 6.1; the obvious takeaway is that Athens depended on imports to meet its needs, given its own limited area of cultivable land. The summit of the Acropolis was covered with temples, statues of bronze and marble, and various other works of art. [3] “On the Probable Age Structure of the Roman Population,” Population Studies 20 (1966): 245-64. First, however, he summarizes earlier approaches to the Athenian male citizen population, beginning with J. Beloch and A. W. Gomme. Finally Thebes defeated Sparta in 371 in the Battle of Leuctra. Whereas Doc C (population estimates from mixed sources) the population of Han china in 200 C.E was 65,000,000 total. Today, the city of Athens has 3.1 million residents in its urban area and is a modern metropolis that serves as a political, cultural and financial center for the country of Greece. In Chapter 3, “Population Size 1: Citizens,” Akrigg exploits our single most important piece of evidence, Thuc. Slaves- Slaves were at the base of the social structure.It was estimated that around 400 B.C. Athens consisted of two distinct parts: The city was surrounded by defensive walls from the Bronze Age and they were rebuilt and extended over the centuries. The Parthenon, a lavishly decorated temple to the goddess Athena, was constructed under the administration of Pericles.[9]. POPULATION AND ECONOMY IN CLASSICAL ATHENS This is the rst comprehensive account of the population of classical Athens for almost a century. To sum up my conclusions at the outset, I would observe that much more space is given to question 1 than to question 2, and that when the author turns to the bigger picture, the results must, given the state of the evidence, remain ambiguous. The leading statesman of this period was Pericles, who used the tribute paid by the members of the Delian League to build the Parthenon and other great monuments of classical Athens. In 338 BC the armies of Philip II defeated Athens at the Battle of Chaeronea, effectively limiting Athenian independence. Skip to main content Accessibility help We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. there were roughly 50,000 adult male citizens, 25,000 metics, and 100,000 slaves in Athens. Athens, historic city and capital of Greece. Athens is named after Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom and war, and daughter of Zeus. The city was burnt by Xerxes in 480 BC, but was soon rebuilt under the administration of Themistocles, and was adorned with public buildings by Cimon and especially by Pericles, in whose time (461–429 BC) it reached its greatest splendour. Many of Classical civilization’s intellectual and artistic ideas originated there, and the city is generally considered to be the birthplace of Western civilization. [1] The introductory Chapter 1 emphasizes that sustained studies of the fourth-century population of Athens, above all that by M. H. Hansen,[2] had as their impetus the questions of whether and how the Athenian constitution made good on its stated goal of a highly participatory state. Athens - Athens - History: The site of Athens has been inhabited since the Neolithic Period (before 3000 bce). The city of Athens (Ancient Greek: Ἀθῆναι, Athênai [a.tʰɛ̂ː.nai̯]; Modern Greek: Αθήναι Athine [a.ˈθi.ne̞] or, more commonly and in singular, Αθήνα Athina [a. a rapid jump-perhaps a doubling or even a trebling-in population (J. N. Coldstream, Geometric Greece [London 1977] 109, 367-369); there was "a considerable natural increase of the population between 480 and 430, and between 400 320" (A. W. Gomme, The Population of Athens in the Fifth and Fourth Centuries B.C. The peak of Athenian hegemony was achieved in the 440s to 430s BC, known as the Age of Pericles. The population of Sparta consisted of three main groups: the Spartans, or Spartiates, who were full citizens; the Helots, or serfs/slaves; and the Perioeci, who were neither slaves nor citizens. It was originally surrounded by an ancient Cyclopean wall said to have been built by the Pelasgians. During its classical period, Athens had a population between 350,000 and 610,000. In 490 the Athenians, led by Miltiades, prevented the first invasion of the Persians, guided by king Darius I, at the Battle of Marathon. Most offices were filled by lot, although the ten strategoi (generals) were elected. Athenian democracy was established in 508 BC under Cleisthenes, after the tyranny of the Peistratids and the rule of Isagoras.This system remained remarkably stable, and with a few brief interruptions remained in … He executed a large number of public works projects and improved the life of the citizens. The chapter ends with an illuminating discussion of the wood required for minting coins and feeding the workforce of the silver mines. Athens is the capital of Greece, the largest city in the country, and one of the world’s oldest cities overall.It has a rich history that goes back over 3,400 years and is considered the cradle of Western democracy. Since the defeat was largely blamed on democratic politicians such as Cleon and Cleophon, there was a brief reaction against democracy, aided by the Spartan army (the rule of the Thirty Tyrants). (Chapter 6 bills itself as “Immediate Implications of Population Change” [emphasis added], but in fact it describes a mostly static and very large pre-war population; a focus on the ramifications of massive population change during the later fifth century comes in Chapter 7.) to 400 B.C, the population in ancient Greece rose. The city of Athens, Greece, with its famous Acropolis, has come to symbolize the whole of the country in the popular imagination, and not without cause. In 499 BC, Athens sent troops to aid the Ionian Greeks of Asia Minor, who were rebelling against the Persian Empire (see Ionian Revolt). [8] But was fifth-century Athens the ticking time bomb of wealth inequality the author suggests? Perhaps future archaeological work will tell us something about the wealth inequality and economic growth at the deme level. It is estimated that by 400 B.C, ancient Greece had a population of 13 million. when Athens was at the pinnacle of its power, the slaves constituted one third of the total population. According to the Greek mythology, Cecrops, who was half man and half serpent, founded Athens and became the first king. Opposition to Sparta enabled Athens to establish a Second Athenian League. ), Communities and Networks in the Ancient Greek World (Oxford 2015): 155-76. By 431 BC Athens probably had 40,000 residents, and its harbor town Piraeus another 25,000. However, other Greek cities, including Athens, turned against Thebes, and its dominance was brought to an end at the Battle of Mantinea (362 BC) with the death of its leader, the military genius Epaminondas. [1] “The Nature and Implications of Athens’ Changed Social Structure and Economy,” in R. Osborne (ed. Chapter 7, “Beyond Food and Fuel,” brings us to possible implications of Athens’ mid-fifth-century population boom and subsequent contraction. The first settlers in Athens were from various ethnic groups that were organized in several kingdoms. Following the assassination of Hipparchus in about 514, Hippias took on sole rule, and in response to the loss of his brother, became a worse leader who was increasingly disliked. Hippias exiled 700 of the Athenian noble families, amongst them Cleisthenes' family, the Alchmaeonids. The Hellenic League led by the Spartan King Leonidas led 7,000 men to hold the narrow passageway of Thermopylae against the 100,000–250,000 army of Xerxes, during which Leonidas and 300 other Spartan elites were killed. Sparta's hegemony was passing to Athens, and it was Athens that took the war to Asia Minor. Slaves were the lowest class in Athenian society, but according to many contemporary accounts they were far less harshly treated than in most other Greek cities. On the west side the walls embraced the Hill of the Nymphs and the Pnyx, and to the southeast they ran along beside the Ilissos. Hence, he gave his name to the Athenian Golden Age. This set a mo… Greek city-states of the ancient world did in fact remain limited in size. Athens (Attiki) was the largest Greek city-state, approaching a population of approximately 100,000 by 500-450 B.C. [5] This point is well taken. Population and Economy in Classical Athens by Ben Akrigg, 9781107027091, available at Book Depository with free delivery worldwide. The public opinion of voters could be influenced by the political satires written by the comic poets and performed in the city theaters. Athens today is experiencing some population decline, which is standard across the country, due to an aging population and a weak economy. He fostered arts and literature and gave to Athens a splendor which would never return throughout its history. [7] A rise in the value of slaves would also account for the (apparent) first appearance of “cocky” slaves such as Xanthias in Aristophanes’ Frogs. To these he would add 40,000 or 30,000 non-hoplites, respectively, for the total citizen adult male population, but his grounds for doing so are unclear at this stage, since he addresses neither the distribution of wealth in Athenian society nor the relation, if any, of the Solonian census classes to military functions until later in the book. During the time of the ascendancy of Ephialtes as leader of the democratic faction, Pericles was his deputy. Athens remained a wealthy city with a brilliant cultural life, but ceased to be an independent power. On the other hand, Akrigg rightly emphasizes that the single legal category “metic” comprised a heterogeneous population of wealthy Greeks, freedpeople, and non-Greek traders and laborers. The author also now attends to the issue of the wealth distribution of Attica, discussing previous arguments by R. Osborne, L. Foxhall, and G. Kron. Akrigg plausibly suggests that the land grabs under Athenian imperial rule would have afforded opportunities for emigration and thus an incentive for natural fertility increase that might otherwise have been lacking in a Greek community. Chapter 6, “Immediate Implications of Population Change: War and Food” (but see above on this “change”), entails a dense summary of the fifth-century Attic population’s food requirements. The methodology of earlier scholars has been criticised in general terms but their conclusions have not been seriously challenged. With the pioneering work of M. K. Hopkins on the age structure of the Roman population, however, ancient demography was put on better footing, since Hopkins recognized the importance of UN model life tables. [7] The Assembly or Ecclesia was open to all full citizens and was both a legislature and a supreme court, except in murder cases and religious matters, which became the only remaining functions of the Areopagus. At least 32,000 enslaved men were required for the mines and the navy, with all that that implies for the number of enslaved women and children. [9] Instead Akrigg suggests that overall growth benefited the rich alone (226), but we simply do not know. During the winter of 338 BC /337 BC Macedonia, Athens and other Greek states became part of the League of Corinth. It may be, then, that Athens was no less a “beneficiary” of two of Scheidel’s “four horsemen” of inequality reduction, war and disease. The entire circuit of the walls was 174.5 stadia (nearly 22 miles, 35 km), of which 43 stadia (5.5 miles, 9 km) belonged to the city, 75 stadia (9.5 miles, 15 km) to the long walls, and 56.5 stadia (7 miles, 11 km) to Piraeus, Munichia, and Phalerum. Chapter 4, “Population Size 2: Non-Citizens,” deals with the much thornier question of slave and metic populations. Akrigg’s statement that “the role of metic women in the Panathenaic procession can hardly have been seen as anything other than servile” (134) finds its mirror opposite in the recent study of S. Wijma, with which the author does not engage. Instead, the Persians were routed. Download PDF. 1 Photos of Lesbos , Thuc. [5] See W. Scheidel, The Great Leveler: Violence and the History of Inequality from the Stone Age to the Twenty-First Century (Princeton 2017). Bryn Mawr PA 19010. Yet for all its vital import, the issue of classical Greek demography is poorly understood. Akrigg does not deny that democracy and empire could have mitigated growing inequality (if that is in fact what was happening), but he still maintains that without war or plague “the democracy would have come under increasing strain and might not have lasted long” (223). Resentment by other cities at the hegemony of Athens led to the Peloponnesian War in 431, which pitted Athens and her increasingly rebellious sea empire against a coalition of land-based states led by Sparta. ")[11], Coordinates: .mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}37°58′N 23°43′E / 37.97°N 23.72°E / 37.97; 23.72, Delian League ("Athenian Empire") shown in yellow, Athenian territory shown in red, situation in 431 BC, before the, Corinthian War and the Second Athenian League (395–355 BC), "Greece uncovers 'holy grail' of Greek archeology", "Ancient History in depth The Democratic Experiment", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Classical_Athens&oldid=1000515633, 4th-century BC disestablishments in Greece, Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text, Pages using infobox country or infobox former country with the symbol caption or type parameters, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, ~250,000 (men with civil rights: ~30,000), This page was last edited on 15 January 2021, at 12:12. The result was democracy in Athens, but considering Cleisthenes' motivation for using the people to gain power, as without their support, he would have been defeated, and so Athenian democracy may be tainted by the fact its creation served greatly the man who created it. Population & Map Approximately 140,000; Approximately 40,000 men were citizens; and slaves (about 40,000). Many governmental posts in classical Athens were chosen by lot, in an attempt to discourage corruption and patronage. There were therefore three long walls in all; but the name Long Walls seems to have been confined to the two leading to the Piraeus, while the one leading to Phalerum was called the Phalerian Wall. Cleisthenes disliked the Spartan rule, along with many other Athenians, and so made his own bid for power. Classical Athens population in the year 432 BCE was composed of about 50,000 free male citizens, 50,000 free male non-citizens (citizens under the age of 18 and residents without Athenian parentage), 100,000 free females and 115,000 slaves for a total of about 315,000 people. Following the assassination of Hipparchus in about 514, Hippias took on sole rule, and in response to the loss of his brother, became a worse leader who was increasingly disliked. The author echoes M. I. Finley’s contention that the main beneficiaries of the empire were the already rich. Athenian democracy was briefly overthrown by the coup of 411, brought about because of its poor handling of the war, but it was quickly restored. The latter part of the chapter attempts to square the fourth-century evidence with Akrigg’s theory that drastic population decline from war and plague involved land redistribution. Hippias, son of Peisistratus, had ruled Athens jointly with his brother, Hipparchus, from the death of Peisistratus in about 527. During the time of democracy in Athens, the city was home to about 310,000 people. Comments are moderated. Around the tenth century B.C., the settlers … In a much shorter concluding section on sex structures, the author suggests that the practice of infanticide was relatively rare in Classical Athens, given that war casualties were consistently replaced. In sum, Ben Akrigg has produced a sophisticated demographic study that should establish new baselines for future debate and that has raised provocative questions about a famous ancient society’s sustainability. Greek horizons and made the traditional Greek city state obsolete classical period Athens... Life of the Empire were the already rich main beneficiaries of the Social structure.It was estimated that around B.C... Total population contributions by R. F. Kennedy, D. 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